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DynamoDB
- Docs: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/amazondynamodb/
- Docs (llms.txt): https://docs.aws.amazon.com/amazondynamodb/latest/developerguide/llms.txt
- Data model: Key-value and document (partition key + optional sort key)
- Query language: DynamoDB API (GetItem, Query, Scan), PartiQL (SQL-like, limited)
- Compatibility: Proprietary (AWS SDK, CLI, or HTTPS API); ExtendDB open-source adapter for local dev, CI, and on-premises (PostgreSQL backend)
- Serverless: Yes (on-demand mode)
- Serverless type: Operations — no tables to provision capacity for (on-demand), no infrastructure to manage
- Scale to zero: Yes (on-demand: $0 compute at no traffic; storage still billed)
- VPC required: No
- Multi-region: Global Tables (active-active; eventually consistent by default, optional multi-region strong consistency / MRSC)
- Free Tier: Always free (25 GB + 25 RCU + 25 WCU, provisioned mode)
- Min cost: $0 (always-free tier)
- Time to first query: ~5 seconds
- Key features: Single-digit ms at any scale, unlimited horizontal scaling, no capacity planning (on-demand), up to 20 GSIs / 5 LSIs, native vector search (
SearchVectors API, ANN, single-digit ms at 99%+ recall, up to 4,096 dimensions, trillions of vectors, externally generated embeddings — GA August 2026), DynamoDB Streams (CDC), TTL, DAX (in-memory cache), transactions, deep service integrations (Lambda triggers, EventBridge Pipes, AppSync, Glue, Zero-ETL to Redshift/OpenSearch/Amazon S3), ExtendDB (open-source local dev and CI testing with DynamoDB API on PostgreSQL)
- Limitations: Access patterns must be designed upfront (changing them later is expensive — often requires table redesign and data migration), no JOINs, ad-hoc queries possible but can be slow at scale, 400KB item limit, table-wide aggregations require Scan or external pipeline; vector indexes require on-demand capacity mode, are eventually consistent, cap at 4,096 dimensions /
TopK 100 / 18 inline filters / 5 indexes per table / 16 MB response with no pagination / 600 GB base table for index creation, have immutable definitions (dimensions, distance function, projection, filters, partition key — recreate to change), and support neither Query/Scan/PartiQL nor fine-grained access control on SearchVectors — if the workload exceeds these limits or needs strong consistency or mutable index definitions, route back to select; candidates include Aurora PostgreSQL pgvector, OpenSearch Serverless, and DocumentDB vector search
- Best for: Serverless and low-overhead apps wanting a fast, fully managed backend with no infrastructure to manage (to-do lists, messaging, session stores, shopping carts, IoT); and high-throughput workloads with well-defined key-based access patterns at massive scale
- Not for: Workloads needing ad-hoc queries or runtime JOINs, normalized schemas queried flexibly, unclear or frequently changing access patterns, and heavy analytics/aggregations