Distractor Writing Guide
This reference provides detailed guidance on creating high-quality distractors (wrong answer options) for multiple-choice quiz questions.
What Makes a Good Distractor?
Good distractors serve an educational purpose: they test understanding and reveal common misconceptions rather than just providing filler options.
The Four Qualities of Effective Distractors
- Plausibility - Seems reasonable to someone who hasn't mastered the content
- Educational Value - Tests understanding or reveals misconceptions
- Discrimination - Helps distinguish between different levels of knowledge
- Fairness - Not trick questions or unfair traps
Plausibility
Definition
A plausible distractor is one that appears correct to someone who has not fully learned the material, but is clearly wrong to someone who has mastered it.
Techniques for Creating Plausible Distractors
1. Use Related Terminology
❌ Implausible: Question: "What is a learning graph?"
- A) A graph made of learned behavior
- B) A directed graph showing concept dependencies ✓
- C) A banana
- D) The alphabet
✓ Plausible:
- A) A graph showing student learning over time
- B) A directed graph showing concept dependencies ✓
- C) A taxonomy of educational objectives
- D) A visual representation of course grades
2. Similar Length and Structure
All options should be roughly the same length to avoid the "longest answer is correct" tell.
❌ Implausible (length gives it away):
- A) Yes ✓
- B) No
- C) Sometimes, depending on specific contextual factors and prerequisites
- D) Maybe
✓ Plausible (balanced lengths):
- A) When all prerequisites are met ✓
- B) When the instructor approves
- C) When the student requests it
- D) When the semester begins
3. Grammatically Consistent
All options should fit grammatically with the question stem.
❌ Implausible (grammar mismatch): Question: "A learning graph is best described as..."
- A) map prerequisite relationships ✓
- B) showing relationships
- C) to organize
- D) visual
✓ Plausible (grammatically parallel): Question: "A learning graph is best described as..."
- A) a structure that maps prerequisites ✓
- B) a tool that visualizes progress
- C) a system that organizes content
- D) a framework that sequences topics
Educational Value
Definition
An educationally valuable distractor addresses common misconceptions, tests related concepts, or helps differentiate between levels of understanding.
Common Misconception Patterns
1. Partial Truth (Correct in Different Context)
This distractor is true but doesn't answer the specific question being asked.
Example: Question: "What is the PRIMARY purpose of a learning graph?"
- A) To create visual aids for presentations
- B) To map prerequisite relationships ✓
- C) To assess student performance
- D) To organize course materials
Analysis: A, C, and D might be benefits or uses of learning-related tools, but B is the primary purpose.
2. Reversal (Opposite or Inverse)
This distractor reverses the correct relationship or concept.
Example: Question: "In a learning graph, an arrow from Concept A to Concept B indicates..."
- A) Concept A must be learned before Concept B ✓
- B) Concept B must be learned before Concept A
- C) Concepts A and B are unrelated
- D) Concepts A and B are equivalent
Analysis: B is the opposite of the correct answer, testing whether students understand the direction of dependencies.
3. Similar Terminology (Related but Distinct)
Use terms from related concepts that students might confuse.
Example: Question: "What structure prevents cycles in a learning graph?"
- A) Linked list
- B) Directed acyclic graph ✓
- C) Directed cyclic graph
- D) Undirected graph
Analysis: C is very similar to B but critically different (cyclic vs. acyclic).
4. Common Student Error
Based on typical misunderstandings or mistakes students make.
Example: Question: "When should scaffolding be removed?"
- A) At the beginning of instruction
- B) Gradually as competence increases ✓
- C) Never, it should remain permanent
- D) Immediately after introduction
Analysis: A and D reflect a common misunderstanding that scaffolding should be removed too quickly. C reflects the opposite error.
Discrimination
Definition
Discriminating distractors help identify different levels of student understanding, from no knowledge to partial understanding to mastery.
Levels of Distractor Discrimination
No Knowledge → Partial Understanding → Mastery
Create distractors that appeal to different knowledge levels:
Example:
Question: "What does ISO 11179 compliance require for glossary definitions?"
- A) Definitions must be in alphabetical order (No knowledge - confuses organization with quality)
- B) Definitions must be long and detailed (Partial understanding - knows definitions need detail but not the specific requirements)
- C) Definitions must be precise, concise, distinct, and non-circular ✓ (Mastery - knows the four criteria)
- D) Definitions must include examples (Partial understanding - knows examples are helpful but confuses with requirements)
Knowledge Levels Tested:
- A appeals to someone with no knowledge of ISO 11179
- B and D appeal to someone with partial understanding
- C requires mastery of the specific criteria
Fairness
Definition
Fair distractors test knowledge of the subject matter, not test-taking skills, reading comprehension, or trivial details.
Unfair Distractor Patterns to Avoid
1. Trick Questions
❌ Unfair: Question: "What is the BEST data structure for a learning graph?"
- A) Directed acyclic graph ✓
- B) Directed acyclic graph
Analysis: Having two identical options is a trick, not a test of knowledge.
2. Trick Wording
❌ Unfair: Question: "Which of the following is NOT not important?"
- A) Prerequisites
- B) Dependencies ✓
- C) Scaffolding
- D) Examples
Analysis: Double negatives make this confusing and test reading comprehension rather than knowledge.
3. "All of the Above" / "None of the Above"
❌ Avoid:
- A) Learning graphs
- B) Concept dependencies
- C) Scaffolding
- D) All of the above
Why avoid: Reduces the question to binary (all vs. not all) rather than testing specific knowledge.
Exception: Can be used if it has educational value, but generally avoid.
4. Overly Specific or Trivial Details
❌ Unfair: Question: "On what page of the textbook is the learning graph definition?"
- A) Page 42
- B) Page 45 ✓
- C) Page 48
- D) Page 51
Analysis: Tests memorization of trivial details, not understanding.
5. Absolute Words
❌ Too obvious:
- A) Learning graphs ALWAYS solve every educational problem
- B) Learning graphs NEVER have any issues
- C) Learning graphs can help organize concept dependencies ✓
- D) Learning graphs are COMPLETELY unnecessary
Analysis: "Always," "never," "completely" signal obviously wrong answers.
Distractor Construction Patterns
Pattern 1: Related Concepts
Use concepts from the same domain that students might confuse.
Example (Educational Technology): Question: "What is a MicroSim?"
- A) A small-scale embedded simulation ✓
- B) A microscopic organism studied in biology
- C) A simulation of microprocessor operations
- D) A miniature physical model
All options contain "micro" and "sim" but only A is correct in context.
Pattern 2: Partial Definitions
Take parts of the correct definition and combine with incorrect elements.
Example: Correct definition: "A directed graph that maps prerequisite relationships between concepts"
Distractor options:
- "A directed graph that visualizes student progress" (right structure, wrong purpose)
- "An undirected graph that maps prerequisite relationships" (right purpose, wrong structure)
- "A directed list that shows learning order" (wrong structure, related purpose)
Pattern 3: Degree or Extent
Vary the strength or extent of a statement.
Example: Question: "How much of a chapter's concepts should be covered in a quiz?"
- A) 25-50%
- B) 50-75%
- C) 75-85% ✓
- D) 100%
All plausible, but C represents the recommended target.
Pattern 4: Timing or Sequence
Vary when or in what order something occurs.
Example: Question: "When should scaffolding begin to be removed?"
- A) Before instruction starts
- B) During initial instruction
- C) As competence develops ✓
- D) Long after mastery is achieved
Quality Checklist
For each distractor, verify:
- Plausible: Would seem correct to someone who hasn't learned the material?
- Educational: Tests understanding or reveals misconception?
- Grammatical: Fits with question stem grammatically?
- Appropriate Length: Similar length to correct answer?
- Fair: Not a trick or trivial detail?
- Distinct: Doesn't overlap with other options?
- Consistent Style: Uses same terminology/voice as other options?
- No Absolutes: Avoids "always," "never," "all," "none" (unless correct)?
Common Mistakes
Mistake 1: Nonsensical Options
❌ "What is a learning graph?"
- A) Purple elephants dancing
- B) The number 42
- C) A directed graph showing concept dependencies ✓
- D) My grandmother's recipe
Why wrong: Not plausible, has no educational value, insults students.
Mistake 2: One Distractor Much Longer
❌ "What is ISO 11179?"
- A) A car model
- B) A metadata registry standard that provides guidance for creating precise, concise, distinct, and non-circular definitions for use in glossaries and data dictionaries across organizations ✓
- C) A number
- D) A graph
Why wrong: Length signals the correct answer.
Mistake 3: Multiple Correct Answers
❌ "Which is important for learning?"
- A) Prerequisites ✓
- B) Practice ✓
- C) Examples ✓
- D) Sleep ✓
Why wrong: All could be defended as correct, making question ambiguous.
Mistake 4: Overlapping Options
❌ "What percentage is good concept coverage?"
- A) 50-70%
- B) 60-80% ✓
- C) 70-90%
- D) 80-100%
Why wrong: Options overlap; 70% could be B or C.
Distractor Quality Score
Rate each distractor on a 0-1 scale:
1.0 (Excellent):
- Highly plausible
- Tests understanding
- Discriminates knowledge levels
- Fair and educational
0.8 (Good):
- Plausible
- Has educational value
- Fair
- Minor issues
0.6 (Adequate):
- Somewhat plausible
- Some educational value
- Fair but could be better
0.4 (Poor):
- Not very plausible
- Limited educational value
- May be slightly unfair
0.2 (Very Poor):
- Implausible
- No educational value
- Potentially unfair
0.0 (Unacceptable):
- Nonsensical
- Trick question
- Clearly unfair
Overall Question Distractor Quality: Average the three distractor scores.
Target: 0.80+ average distractor quality
Examples by Bloom's Level
Remember Level
Good distractors use related terms or similar concepts.
Question: "What does DAG stand for?"
- A) Data Analysis Graph
- B) Directed Acyclic Graph ✓
- C) Digital Academic Guide
- D) Dynamic Assessment Grid
All distractors use the same initials with plausible terms.
Understand Level
Good distractors test depth of understanding.
Question: "Why is a learning graph directed?"
- A) To make it look more professional
- B) To show which concepts depend on others ✓
- C) To save storage space
- D) To make it easier to draw
B requires understanding the purpose; others are plausible to non-learners.
Apply Level
Good distractors present plausible but incorrect applications.
Question: "When creating a learning graph for a new course, what should you do first?"
- A) Draw the visual layout
- B) Choose graph visualization software
- C) Identify core concepts ✓
- D) Determine the color scheme
All sound like reasonable steps, but C must come first.
Analyze Level
Good distractors require distinguishing between related elements.
Question: "What indicates a poorly structured learning graph?"
- A) More than 100 concepts
- B) Cycles in the dependency structure ✓
- C) Use of technical terminology
- D) Complex visual layout
Requires analyzing what makes a learning graph valid vs. invalid.
Revision Strategies
If a distractor is too obvious or not plausible:
- Add specificity: Make it more detailed and realistic
- Use domain terminology: Incorporate correct vocabulary
- Base on misconceptions: Research common student errors
- Check parallel structure: Ensure grammatical consistency
- Adjust length: Match other options
- Test plausibility: Would a non-learner choose this?
Final Advice
The Golden Rule:
Every distractor should be something a reasonable student who hasn't learned the material might genuinely believe to be correct.
The Educational Rule:
Every distractor should help you understand what the student does or doesn't know.
The Fairness Rule:
Every distractor should test subject knowledge, not test-taking skills.