/ui-styling

shadcn/ui Accessibility Patterns

ARIA patterns, keyboard navigation, screen reader support, and accessible component usage.

Foundation: Radix UI Primitives

shadcn/ui built on Radix UI primitives - unstyled, accessible components following WAI-ARIA design patterns.

Benefits:

• Keyboard navigation built-in
• Screen reader announcements
• Focus management
• ARIA attributes automatically applied
• Tested against accessibility standards

Keyboard Navigation

Focus Management

Focus visible states:

<Button className="focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-ring focus-visible:ring-offset-2">
  Accessible Button
</Button>

Skip to content:

<a href="#main-content" className="sr-only focus:not-sr-only focus:absolute focus:top-4 focus:left-4 focus:z-50 focus:px-4 focus:py-2">
  Skip to content
</a>

<main id="main-content">
  {/* Content */}
</main>

Dialog/Modal Navigation

Dialogs trap focus automatically via Radix Dialog primitive:

import { Dialog, DialogContent, DialogTrigger } from "@/components/ui/dialog"

<Dialog>
  <DialogTrigger>Open</DialogTrigger>
  <DialogContent>
    {/* Focus trapped here */}
    <input />  {/* Auto-focused */}
    <Button>Action</Button>
    {/* Esc to close, Tab to navigate */}
  </DialogContent>
</Dialog>

Features:

• Focus trapped within dialog
• Esc key closes
• Tab cycles through focusable elements
• Focus returns to trigger on close

Dropdown/Menu Navigation

import { DropdownMenu, DropdownMenuContent, DropdownMenuItem, DropdownMenuTrigger } from "@/components/ui/dropdown-menu"

<DropdownMenu>
  <DropdownMenuTrigger>Open</DropdownMenuTrigger>
  <DropdownMenuContent>
    <DropdownMenuItem>Profile</DropdownMenuItem>
    <DropdownMenuItem>Settings</DropdownMenuItem>
    <DropdownMenuItem>Logout</DropdownMenuItem>
  </DropdownMenuContent>
</DropdownMenu>

Keyboard shortcuts:

• Space/Enter: Open menu
• Arrow Up/Down: Navigate items
• Esc: Close menu
• Tab: Close and move focus

Command Palette Navigation

import { Command } from "@/components/ui/command"

<Command>
  <CommandInput placeholder="Search..." />
  <CommandList>
    <CommandGroup heading="Suggestions">
      <CommandItem>Calendar</CommandItem>
      <CommandItem>Search</CommandItem>
    </CommandGroup>
  </CommandList>
</Command>

Features:

• Type to filter
• Arrow keys to navigate
• Enter to select
• Esc to close

Screen Reader Support

Semantic HTML

Use proper HTML elements:

// Good: Semantic HTML
<button>Click me</button>
<nav><a href="/">Home</a></nav>

// Avoid: Div soup
<div onClick={handler}>Click me</div>

ARIA Labels

Label interactive elements:

<Button aria-label="Close dialog">
  <X className="h-4 w-4" />
</Button>

<Input aria-label="Email address" type="email" />

Describe elements:

<Button aria-describedby="delete-description">
  Delete Account
</Button>
<p id="delete-description" className="sr-only">
  This action permanently deletes your account and cannot be undone
</p>

Screen Reader Only Text

Use sr-only class for screen reader only content:

<Button>
  <Trash className="h-4 w-4" />
  <span className="sr-only">Delete item</span>
</Button>

// CSS for sr-only
.sr-only {
  position: absolute;
  width: 1px;
  height: 1px;
  padding: 0;
  margin: -1px;
  overflow: hidden;
  clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0);
  white-space: nowrap;
  border-width: 0;
}

Live Regions

Announce dynamic content:

<div aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="true">
  {message}
</div>

// For urgent updates
<div aria-live="assertive">
  {error}
</div>

Toast component includes live region:

const { toast } = useToast()

toast({
  title: "Success",
  description: "Profile updated"
})
// Announced to screen readers automatically

Form Accessibility

Labels and Descriptions

Always label inputs:

import { Label } from "@/components/ui/label"
import { Input } from "@/components/ui/input"

<div>
  <Label htmlFor="email">Email</Label>
  <Input id="email" type="email" />
</div>

Add descriptions:

import { FormDescription, FormMessage } from "@/components/ui/form"

<FormItem>
  <FormLabel>Username</FormLabel>
  <FormControl>
    <Input {...field} />
  </FormControl>
  <FormDescription>
    Your public display name
  </FormDescription>
  <FormMessage />  {/* Error messages */}
</FormItem>

Error Handling

Announce errors to screen readers:

<FormField
  control={form.control}
  name="email"
  render={({ field, fieldState }) => (
    <FormItem>
      <FormLabel>Email</FormLabel>
      <FormControl>
        <Input
          {...field}
          aria-invalid={!!fieldState.error}
          aria-describedby={fieldState.error ? "email-error" : undefined}
        />
      </FormControl>
      <FormMessage id="email-error" />
    </FormItem>
  )}
/>

Required Fields

Indicate required fields:

<Label htmlFor="name">
  Name <span className="text-destructive">*</span>
  <span className="sr-only">(required)</span>
</Label>
<Input id="name" required />

Fieldset and Legend

Group related fields:

<fieldset>
  <legend className="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">
    Contact Information
  </legend>
  <div className="space-y-4">
    <FormField name="email" />
    <FormField name="phone" />
  </div>
</fieldset>

Component-Specific Patterns

Accordion

import { Accordion } from "@/components/ui/accordion"

<Accordion type="single" collapsible>
  <AccordionItem value="item-1">
    <AccordionTrigger>
      {/* Includes aria-expanded, aria-controls automatically */}
      Is it accessible?
    </AccordionTrigger>
    <AccordionContent>
      {/* Hidden when collapsed, announced when expanded */}
      Yes. Follows WAI-ARIA design pattern.
    </AccordionContent>
  </AccordionItem>
</Accordion>

Tabs

import { Tabs } from "@/components/ui/tabs"

<Tabs defaultValue="account">
  <TabsList role="tablist">
    {/* Arrow keys navigate, Space/Enter activates */}
    <TabsTrigger value="account">Account</TabsTrigger>
    <TabsTrigger value="password">Password</TabsTrigger>
  </TabsList>
  <TabsContent value="account">
    {/* Hidden unless selected, aria-labelledby links to trigger */}
    Account content
  </TabsContent>
</Tabs>

Select

import { Select } from "@/components/ui/select"

<Select>
  <SelectTrigger aria-label="Choose theme">
    <SelectValue placeholder="Theme" />
  </SelectTrigger>
  <SelectContent>
    {/* Keyboard navigable, announced to screen readers */}
    <SelectItem value="light">Light</SelectItem>
    <SelectItem value="dark">Dark</SelectItem>
  </SelectContent>
</Select>

Checkbox and Radio

import { Checkbox } from "@/components/ui/checkbox"
import { Label } from "@/components/ui/label"

<div className="flex items-center space-x-2">
  <Checkbox id="terms" aria-describedby="terms-description" />
  <Label htmlFor="terms">Accept terms</Label>
</div>
<p id="terms-description" className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">
  You agree to our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
</p>

Alert

import { Alert } from "@/components/ui/alert"

<Alert role="alert">
  {/* Announced immediately to screen readers */}
  <AlertTitle>Error</AlertTitle>
  <AlertDescription>
    Your session has expired
  </AlertDescription>
</Alert>

Color Contrast

Ensure sufficient contrast between text and background.

WCAG Requirements:

• AA: 4.5:1 for normal text, 3:1 for large text
• AAA: 7:1 for normal text, 4.5:1 for large text

Check defaults:

// Good: High contrast
<p className="text-gray-900 dark:text-gray-100">Text</p>

// Avoid: Low contrast
<p className="text-gray-400 dark:text-gray-600">Hard to read</p>

Muted text:

// Use semantic muted foreground
<p className="text-muted-foreground">
  Secondary text with accessible contrast
</p>

Focus Indicators

Always provide visible focus indicators:

Default focus ring:

<Button className="focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-ring focus-visible:ring-offset-2">
  Button
</Button>

Custom focus styles:

<a href="#" className="focus-visible:outline-none focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-primary focus-visible:underline">
  Link
</a>

Don't remove focus styles:

// Avoid
<button className="focus:outline-none">Bad</button>

// Use focus-visible instead
<button className="focus-visible:ring-2">Good</button>

Motion and Animation

Respect reduced motion preference:

@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
  * {
    animation-duration: 0.01ms !important;
    animation-iteration-count: 1 !important;
    transition-duration: 0.01ms !important;
  }
}

In components:

<div className="transition-all motion-reduce:transition-none">
  Respects user preference
</div>

Testing Checklist

• All interactive elements keyboard accessible
• Focus indicators visible
• Screen reader announces all content correctly
• Form errors announced and associated
• Color contrast meets WCAG AA
• Semantic HTML used
• ARIA labels provided for icon-only buttons
• Modal/dialog focus trap works
• Dropdown/select keyboard navigable
• Live regions announce updates
• Respects reduced motion preference
• Works with browser zoom up to 200%
• Tab order logical
• Skip links provided for navigation

Tools

Testing tools:

• Lighthouse accessibility audit
• axe DevTools browser extension
• NVDA/JAWS screen readers
• Keyboard-only navigation testing
• Color contrast checkers (Contrast Ratio, WebAIM)

Automated testing:

npm install -D @axe-core/react

import { useEffect } from 'react'

if (process.env.NODE_ENV === 'development') {
  import('@axe-core/react').then((axe) => {
    axe.default(React, ReactDOM, 1000)
  })
}