/nitro

WebSocket & SSE

Nitro provides cross-platform WebSockets via CrossWS (Node, Bun, Deno, Cloudflare). Enable the feature first:

import { defineConfig } from "nitro";

export default defineConfig({
  features: { websocket: true },
});

Handlers

Export a defineWebSocketHandler from a route file — same file-based routing as HTTP handlers (routes/_ws.ts → /_ws).

import { defineWebSocketHandler } from "nitro";

export default defineWebSocketHandler({
  open(peer) {
    console.log("connected", peer.id);
    peer.send("Welcome!");
  },
  message(peer, message) {
    peer.send(`echo: ${message.text()}`);
  },
  close(peer, details) {
    console.log("closed", details.code, details.reason);
  },
  error(peer, error) {
    console.error(error);
  },
});

upgrade hook

Runs before the connection opens — authenticate, set namespace, attach context. Throw a Response to reject.

import { defineWebSocketHandler } from "nitro";

export default defineWebSocketHandler({
  upgrade(request) {
    const token = new URL(request.url).searchParams.get("token");
    if (!isValid(token)) throw new Response("Unauthorized", { status: 401 });
    return { context: { userId: getUserId(token) } }; // also: headers, namespace
  },
  open(peer) {
    console.log("user", peer.context.userId);
  },
});

Peer & message

peer (in all hooks except upgrade) exposes id, namespace, context, request, peers, topics, plus methods:

peer.send("text");                 // or an object -> JSON
peer.subscribe("topic");
peer.unsubscribe("topic");
peer.publish("topic", data);       // broadcast to subscribers (not the sender)
peer.close(1000, "bye");
peer.terminate();

The message object: message.text(), message.json<T>(), message.uint8Array(), message.arrayBuffer(), message.blob().

Pub/Sub & namespaces

import { defineWebSocketHandler } from "nitro";

export default defineWebSocketHandler({
  open(peer) {
    peer.subscribe("messages");
    peer.publish("messages", `${peer} joined ${peer.namespace}`);
  },
  message(peer, message) {
    peer.publish("messages", `${peer}: ${message.text()}`); // only same namespace
  },
  close(peer) {
    peer.publish("messages", `${peer} left`);
  },
});

Namespaces isolate pub/sub groups. By default the namespace is the request pathname — so dynamic routes (/rooms/lobby vs /rooms/game) are isolated automatically. Override by returning namespace from upgrade.

Server-Sent Events (SSE)

Simpler server→client streaming over HTTP (auto-reconnects). Use createEventStream from nitro/h3:

import { defineHandler } from "nitro";
import { createEventStream } from "nitro/h3";

export default defineHandler((event) => {
  const stream = createEventStream(event);
  const interval = setInterval(() => {
    stream.push(`tick @ ${Date.now()}`);
  }, 1000);
  stream.onClosed(() => clearInterval(interval));
  return stream.send();
});

stream.push also accepts structured messages: { id, event, data, retry }. Connect from the client with new EventSource("/sse").

Key Points

• Enable features.websocket: true; defineWebSocketHandler is imported from nitro.
• Hooks: upgrade (auth/context), open, message, close, error.
• peer.publish excludes the sender; namespaces (default = pathname) isolate broadcasts.
• For one-way streaming use SSE via createEventStream from nitro/h3.