/k8s-manifest-generator

Kubernetes Deployment Specification Reference

Comprehensive reference for Kubernetes Deployment resources, covering all key fields, best practices, and common patterns.

Overview

A Deployment provides declarative updates for Pods and ReplicaSets. It manages the desired state of your application, handling rollouts, rollbacks, and scaling operations.

Complete Deployment Specification

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: my-app
  namespace: production
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/name: my-app
    app.kubernetes.io/version: "1.0.0"
    app.kubernetes.io/component: backend
    app.kubernetes.io/part-of: my-system
  annotations:
    description: "Main application deployment"
    contact: "backend-team@example.com"
spec:
  # Replica management
  replicas: 3
  revisionHistoryLimit: 10

  # Pod selection
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: my-app
      version: v1

  # Update strategy
  strategy:
    type: RollingUpdate
    rollingUpdate:
      maxSurge: 1
      maxUnavailable: 0

  # Minimum time for pod to be ready
  minReadySeconds: 10

  # Deployment will fail if it doesn't progress in this time
  progressDeadlineSeconds: 600

  # Pod template
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: my-app
        version: v1
      annotations:
        prometheus.io/scrape: "true"
        prometheus.io/port: "9090"
    spec:
      # Service account for RBAC
      serviceAccountName: my-app

      # Security context for the pod
      securityContext:
        runAsNonRoot: true
        runAsUser: 1000
        fsGroup: 1000
        seccompProfile:
          type: RuntimeDefault

      # Init containers run before main containers
      initContainers:
        - name: init-db
          image: busybox:1.36
          command: ["sh", "-c", "until nc -z db-service 5432; do sleep 1; done"]
          securityContext:
            allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
            runAsNonRoot: true
            runAsUser: 1000

      # Main containers
      containers:
        - name: app
          image: myapp:1.0.0
          imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent

          # Container ports
          ports:
            - name: http
              containerPort: 8080
              protocol: TCP
            - name: metrics
              containerPort: 9090
              protocol: TCP

          # Environment variables
          env:
            - name: POD_NAME
              valueFrom:
                fieldRef:
                  fieldPath: metadata.name
            - name: POD_NAMESPACE
              valueFrom:
                fieldRef:
                  fieldPath: metadata.namespace
            - name: DATABASE_URL
              valueFrom:
                secretKeyRef:
                  name: db-credentials
                  key: url

          # ConfigMap and Secret references
          envFrom:
            - configMapRef:
                name: app-config
            - secretRef:
                name: app-secrets

          # Resource requests and limits
          resources:
            requests:
              memory: "256Mi"
              cpu: "250m"
            limits:
              memory: "512Mi"
              cpu: "500m"

          # Liveness probe
          livenessProbe:
            httpGet:
              path: /health/live
              port: http
              httpHeaders:
                - name: Custom-Header
                  value: Awesome
            initialDelaySeconds: 30
            periodSeconds: 10
            timeoutSeconds: 5
            successThreshold: 1
            failureThreshold: 3

          # Readiness probe
          readinessProbe:
            httpGet:
              path: /health/ready
              port: http
            initialDelaySeconds: 5
            periodSeconds: 5
            timeoutSeconds: 3
            successThreshold: 1
            failureThreshold: 3

          # Startup probe (for slow-starting containers)
          startupProbe:
            httpGet:
              path: /health/startup
              port: http
            initialDelaySeconds: 0
            periodSeconds: 10
            timeoutSeconds: 3
            successThreshold: 1
            failureThreshold: 30

          # Volume mounts
          volumeMounts:
            - name: data
              mountPath: /var/lib/app
            - name: config
              mountPath: /etc/app
              readOnly: true
            - name: tmp
              mountPath: /tmp

          # Security context for container
          securityContext:
            allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
            readOnlyRootFilesystem: true
            runAsNonRoot: true
            runAsUser: 1000
            capabilities:
              drop:
                - ALL

          # Lifecycle hooks
          lifecycle:
            postStart:
              exec:
                command:
                  ["/bin/sh", "-c", "echo Container started > /tmp/started"]
            preStop:
              exec:
                command: ["/bin/sh", "-c", "sleep 15"]

      # Volumes
      volumes:
        - name: data
          persistentVolumeClaim:
            claimName: app-data
        - name: config
          configMap:
            name: app-config
        - name: tmp
          emptyDir: {}

      # DNS configuration
      dnsPolicy: ClusterFirst
      dnsConfig:
        options:
          - name: ndots
            value: "2"

      # Scheduling
      nodeSelector:
        disktype: ssd

      affinity:
        podAntiAffinity:
          preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
            - weight: 100
              podAffinityTerm:
                labelSelector:
                  matchExpressions:
                    - key: app
                      operator: In
                      values:
                        - my-app
                topologyKey: kubernetes.io/hostname

      tolerations:
        - key: "app"
          operator: "Equal"
          value: "my-app"
          effect: "NoSchedule"

      # Termination
      terminationGracePeriodSeconds: 30

      # Image pull secrets
      imagePullSecrets:
        - name: regcred

Field Reference

Metadata Fields

Required Fields

• apiVersion: apps/v1 (current stable version)
• kind: Deployment
• metadata.name: Unique name within namespace

Recommended Metadata

• metadata.namespace: Target namespace (defaults to default)
• metadata.labels: Key-value pairs for organization
• metadata.annotations: Non-identifying metadata

Spec Fields

Replica Management

replicas (integer, default: 1)

• Number of desired pod instances
• Best practice: Use 3+ for production high availability
• Can be scaled manually or via HorizontalPodAutoscaler

revisionHistoryLimit (integer, default: 10)

• Number of old ReplicaSets to retain for rollback
• Set to 0 to disable rollback capability
• Reduces storage overhead for long-running deployments

Update Strategy

strategy.type (string)

• RollingUpdate (default): Gradual pod replacement
• Recreate: Delete all pods before creating new ones

strategy.rollingUpdate.maxSurge (int or percent, default: 25%)

• Maximum pods above desired replicas during update
• Example: With 3 replicas and maxSurge=1, up to 4 pods during update

strategy.rollingUpdate.maxUnavailable (int or percent, default: 25%)

• Maximum pods below desired replicas during update
• Set to 0 for zero-downtime deployments
• Cannot be 0 if maxSurge is 0

Best practices:

# Zero-downtime deployment
strategy:
  type: RollingUpdate
  rollingUpdate:
    maxSurge: 1
    maxUnavailable: 0

# Fast deployment (can have brief downtime)
strategy:
  type: RollingUpdate
  rollingUpdate:
    maxSurge: 2
    maxUnavailable: 1

# Complete replacement
strategy:
  type: Recreate

Pod Template

template.metadata.labels

• Must include labels matching spec.selector.matchLabels
• Add version labels for blue/green deployments
• Include standard Kubernetes labels

template.spec.containers (required)

• Array of container specifications
• At least one container required
• Each container needs unique name

Container Configuration

Image Management:

containers:
  - name: app
    image: registry.example.com/myapp:1.0.0
    imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent # or Always, Never

Image pull policies:

• IfNotPresent: Pull if not cached (default for tagged images)
• Always: Always pull (default for :latest)
• Never: Never pull, fail if not cached

Port Declarations:

ports:
  - name: http # Named for referencing in Service
    containerPort: 8080
    protocol: TCP # TCP (default), UDP, or SCTP
    hostPort: 8080 # Optional: Bind to host port (rarely used)

Resource Management

Requests vs Limits:

resources:
  requests:
    memory: "256Mi" # Guaranteed resources
    cpu: "250m" # 0.25 CPU cores
  limits:
    memory: "512Mi" # Maximum allowed
    cpu: "500m" # 0.5 CPU cores

QoS Classes (determined automatically):

1. Guaranteed: requests = limits for all containers

   • Highest priority
   • Last to be evicted

2. Burstable: requests < limits or only requests set

   • Medium priority
   • Evicted before Guaranteed

3. BestEffort: No requests or limits set

   • Lowest priority
   • First to be evicted

Best practices:

• Always set requests in production
• Set limits to prevent resource monopolization
• Memory limits should be 1.5-2x requests
• CPU limits can be higher for bursty workloads

Health Checks

Probe Types:

1. startupProbe - For slow-starting applications

   startupProbe:
     httpGet:
       path: /health/startup
       port: 8080
     initialDelaySeconds: 0
     periodSeconds: 10
     failureThreshold: 30 # 5 minutes to start (10s * 30)

2. livenessProbe - Restarts unhealthy containers

   livenessProbe:
     httpGet:
       path: /health/live
       port: 8080
     initialDelaySeconds: 30
     periodSeconds: 10
     timeoutSeconds: 5
     failureThreshold: 3 # Restart after 3 failures

3. readinessProbe - Controls traffic routing

   readinessProbe:
     httpGet:
       path: /health/ready
       port: 8080
     initialDelaySeconds: 5
     periodSeconds: 5
     failureThreshold: 3 # Remove from service after 3 failures

Probe Mechanisms:

# HTTP GET
httpGet:
  path: /health
  port: 8080
  httpHeaders:
    - name: Authorization
      value: Bearer token

# TCP Socket
tcpSocket:
  port: 3306

# Command execution
exec:
  command:
    - cat
    - /tmp/healthy

# gRPC (Kubernetes 1.24+)
grpc:
  port: 9090
  service: my.service.health.v1.Health

Probe Timing Parameters:

• initialDelaySeconds: Wait before first probe
• periodSeconds: How often to probe
• timeoutSeconds: Probe timeout
• successThreshold: Successes needed to mark healthy (1 for liveness/startup)
• failureThreshold: Failures before taking action

Security Context

Pod-level security context:

spec:
  securityContext:
    runAsNonRoot: true
    runAsUser: 1000
    runAsGroup: 1000
    fsGroup: 1000
    fsGroupChangePolicy: OnRootMismatch
    seccompProfile:
      type: RuntimeDefault

Container-level security context:

containers:
  - name: app
    securityContext:
      allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
      readOnlyRootFilesystem: true
      runAsNonRoot: true
      runAsUser: 1000
      capabilities:
        drop:
          - ALL
        add:
          - NET_BIND_SERVICE # Only if needed

Security best practices:

• Always run as non-root (runAsNonRoot: true)
• Drop all capabilities and add only needed ones
• Use read-only root filesystem when possible
• Enable seccomp profile
• Disable privilege escalation

Volumes

Volume Types:

volumes:
  # PersistentVolumeClaim
  - name: data
    persistentVolumeClaim:
      claimName: app-data

  # ConfigMap
  - name: config
    configMap:
      name: app-config
      items:
        - key: app.properties
          path: application.properties

  # Secret
  - name: secrets
    secret:
      secretName: app-secrets
      defaultMode: 0400

  # EmptyDir (ephemeral)
  - name: cache
    emptyDir:
      sizeLimit: 1Gi

  # HostPath (avoid in production)
  - name: host-data
    hostPath:
      path: /data
      type: DirectoryOrCreate

Scheduling

Node Selection:

# Simple node selector
nodeSelector:
  disktype: ssd
  zone: us-west-1a

# Node affinity (more expressive)
affinity:
  nodeAffinity:
    requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
      nodeSelectorTerms:
        - matchExpressions:
            - key: kubernetes.io/arch
              operator: In
              values:
                - amd64
                - arm64

Pod Affinity/Anti-Affinity:

# Spread pods across nodes
affinity:
  podAntiAffinity:
    requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
    - labelSelector:
        matchLabels:
          app: my-app
      topologyKey: kubernetes.io/hostname

# Co-locate with database
affinity:
  podAffinity:
    preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
    - weight: 100
      podAffinityTerm:
        labelSelector:
          matchLabels:
            app: database
        topologyKey: kubernetes.io/hostname

Tolerations:

tolerations:
  - key: "node.kubernetes.io/unreachable"
    operator: "Exists"
    effect: "NoExecute"
    tolerationSeconds: 30
  - key: "dedicated"
    operator: "Equal"
    value: "database"
    effect: "NoSchedule"

Common Patterns

High Availability Deployment

spec:
  replicas: 3
  strategy:
    type: RollingUpdate
    rollingUpdate:
      maxSurge: 1
      maxUnavailable: 0
  template:
    spec:
      affinity:
        podAntiAffinity:
          requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
            - labelSelector:
                matchLabels:
                  app: my-app
              topologyKey: kubernetes.io/hostname
      topologySpreadConstraints:
        - maxSkew: 1
          topologyKey: topology.kubernetes.io/zone
          whenUnsatisfiable: DoNotSchedule
          labelSelector:
            matchLabels:
              app: my-app

Sidecar Container Pattern

spec:
  template:
    spec:
      containers:
        - name: app
          image: myapp:1.0.0
          volumeMounts:
            - name: shared-logs
              mountPath: /var/log
        - name: log-forwarder
          image: fluent-bit:2.0
          volumeMounts:
            - name: shared-logs
              mountPath: /var/log
              readOnly: true
      volumes:
        - name: shared-logs
          emptyDir: {}

Init Container for Dependencies

spec:
  template:
    spec:
      initContainers:
        - name: wait-for-db
          image: busybox:1.36
          command:
            - sh
            - -c
            - |
              until nc -z database-service 5432; do
                echo "Waiting for database..."
                sleep 2
              done
        - name: run-migrations
          image: myapp:1.0.0
          command: ["./migrate", "up"]
          env:
            - name: DATABASE_URL
              valueFrom:
                secretKeyRef:
                  name: db-credentials
                  key: url
      containers:
        - name: app
          image: myapp:1.0.0

Best Practices

Production Checklist

• Set resource requests and limits
• Implement all three probe types (startup, liveness, readiness)
• Use specific image tags (not :latest)
• Configure security context (non-root, read-only filesystem)
• Set replica count >= 3 for HA
• Configure pod anti-affinity for spread
• Set appropriate update strategy (maxUnavailable: 0 for zero-downtime)
• Use ConfigMaps and Secrets for configuration
• Add standard labels and annotations
• Configure graceful shutdown (preStop hook, terminationGracePeriodSeconds)
• Set revisionHistoryLimit for rollback capability
• Use ServiceAccount with minimal RBAC permissions

Performance Tuning

Fast startup:

spec:
  minReadySeconds: 5
  strategy:
    rollingUpdate:
      maxSurge: 2
      maxUnavailable: 1

Zero-downtime updates:

spec:
  minReadySeconds: 10
  strategy:
    rollingUpdate:
      maxSurge: 1
      maxUnavailable: 0

Graceful shutdown:

spec:
  template:
    spec:
      terminationGracePeriodSeconds: 60
      containers:
        - name: app
          lifecycle:
            preStop:
              exec:
                command: ["/bin/sh", "-c", "sleep 15 && kill -SIGTERM 1"]

Troubleshooting

Common Issues

Pods not starting:

kubectl describe deployment <name>
kubectl get pods -l app=<app-name>
kubectl describe pod <pod-name>
kubectl logs <pod-name>

ImagePullBackOff:

• Check image name and tag
• Verify imagePullSecrets
• Check registry credentials

CrashLoopBackOff:

• Check container logs
• Verify liveness probe is not too aggressive
• Check resource limits
• Verify application dependencies

Deployment stuck in progress:

• Check progressDeadlineSeconds
• Verify readiness probes
• Check resource availability

Related Resources

• Kubernetes Deployment API Reference
• Pod Security Standards
• Resource Management