Last verified: 2026-07-13

Conversion Recipes

Concrete JSONL-to-JSONL conversions for every pattern in SKILL.md: a graded trace to an SFT row, a pair of graded traces to a DPO pair, an expert correction to an SFT row, the rejection-sampling loop with reward-threshold selection, and the goldens-holdout check that must run before any converted row merges into a training set. Input records match eval-harness-first's runs/<run-id>/results.json shape; output records match dataset-curation's Format Selection table exactly — field names are copied, not paraphrased. No base-model names appear below; where a model matters, load it from finetuning-method-selection's references/model-catalog.md.

1. Graded Trace to SFT Example

Input — one row from runs/<run-id>/results.json, a single-turn trace that passed with a reward above the batch's top-fraction threshold:

{"task_id": "t-118", "trace_id": "t-118-a1", "messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Summarize the incident report in two sentences."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "A misconfigured retry policy caused a 12-minute outage in the billing service. Root cause was fixed and a regression test was added."}], "verdict": "pass", "reward": 0.94, "grader": "rubric_judge"}

Output — dataset-curation's ChatML shape, grading metadata stripped since the trainer only needs messages:

{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Summarize the incident report in two sentences."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "A misconfigured retry policy caused a 12-minute outage in the billing service. Root cause was fixed and a regression test was added."}]}

Only messages survives the conversion. task_id and trace_id still get written to the dataset card's provenance field (see the holdout check below) — they are dropped from the training row itself, not discarded entirely.

2. Two Graded Traces to a DPO Pair

Input — two traces sharing one task_id, from the same rollout batch, with different rewards:

{"task_id": "t-204", "trace_id": "t-204-a1", "messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Write a commit message for a null-check fix."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "Fix null pointer exception in user lookup by validating the session before dereferencing it."}], "verdict": "pass", "reward": 0.88, "grader": "rubric_judge"}
{"task_id": "t-204", "trace_id": "t-204-a4", "messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Write a commit message for a null-check fix."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "misc changes"}], "verdict": "fail", "reward": 0.11, "grader": "rubric_judge"}

Selection, per preference-optimization's Pair Construction formula — chosen is the top-reward trace for the task_id; rejected is whichever trace in that task's trajectory set sits closest to μ−2σ of the reward distribution, not the lowest-reward trace by default (here, with only two candidates, the low trace happens to be the μ−2σ pick; a batch with more sampled candidates per task selects a rejected member above the minimum):

def select_pair(trajectories):
    """trajectories: same task_id, each a dict with
    'reward' and 'messages'. Returns (chosen, rejected) —
    always two distinct records; raises if fewer than two
    trajectories are given."""
    if len(trajectories) < 2:
        raise ValueError("select_pair needs >=2 trajectories to form a pair")
    ranked = sorted(trajectories, key=lambda t: t["reward"])
    chosen = ranked[-1]
    candidates = [t for t in trajectories if t is not chosen]
    rewards = [t["reward"] for t in trajectories]
    mu = sum(rewards) / len(rewards)
    variance = sum((r - mu) ** 2 for r in rewards) / len(rewards)
    sigma = variance ** 0.5
    target = mu - 2 * sigma
    rejected = min(candidates, key=lambda t: abs(t["reward"] - target))
    return chosen, rejected

Output — dataset-curation's DPO pair shape, with prompt pulled from the shared user turn and chosen/rejected from each trace's final assistant turn:

{"prompt": "Write a commit message for a null-check fix.", "chosen": "Fix null pointer exception in user lookup by validating the session before dereferencing it.", "rejected": "misc changes"}

3. Correction Record to SFT Example

Input — a failing trace plus a human expert's corrected output, no reward field required since a human already validated the correction:

{"task_id": "t-311", "trace_id": "t-311-a2", "messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Extract the invoice total as a JSON number."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "The total is around $4,200"}], "verdict": "fail", "grader": "schema_compliance", "correction": {"content": "{\"total\": 4200.00}", "corrected_by": "reviewer-07"}}

Output — the corrected content replaces the failing assistant turn; the original failing content never enters the training set:

{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Extract the invoice total as a JSON number."}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "{\"total\": 4200.00}"}]}

Route corrections into the SFT set directly, per SKILL.md's SFT From Traces section — skip the reward-threshold gate below for these rows.

4. Rejection-Sampling Loop

Sample several candidate completions per prompt, grade each, and keep only the top-reward fraction — the Agent-lightning pattern named in SKILL.md:

MAX_CANDIDATES = 32  # ceiling on model calls per prompt for this recipe

def rejection_sample(prompt, policy, grader, n=8, keep_fraction=0.25):
    """Generate n candidates for prompt, grade each, and
    keep the top keep_fraction by reward. This recipe is
    for small fixed batches — n is capped at
    MAX_CANDIDATES; a larger sampling budget needs a
    dedicated rollout pipeline with its own concurrency
    and cost controls, not this loop."""
    if n > MAX_CANDIDATES:
        raise ValueError(f"n={n} exceeds MAX_CANDIDATES={MAX_CANDIDATES}")
    candidates = [policy.generate(prompt) for _ in range(n)]
    graded = [(c, grader.score(prompt, c)) for c in candidates]
    graded.sort(key=lambda pair: pair[1], reverse=True)
    keep_n = max(1, int(len(graded) * keep_fraction))
    kept = graded[:keep_n]
    return [
        {"messages": [
            {"role": "user", "content": prompt},
            {"role": "assistant", "content": completion},
        ]}
        for completion, reward in kept
    ]

At keep_fraction=0.25 and n=8, two candidates per prompt survive into the SFT set — tune keep_fraction against the batch's reward distribution rather than a fixed count, since a harder prompt set shifts the whole distribution down.

5. Goldens-Holdout Check

Run this before any converted batch merges into the training set — per SKILL.md's Hygiene section, a golden ID leaking into training data silently inflates every later eval run against that same golden:

import json

def load_golden_ids(goldens_path):
    with open(goldens_path) as f:
        return {json.loads(line)["task_id"] for line in f}

def filter_holdout(candidate_rows, golden_ids):
    """candidate_rows: dicts still carrying task_id
    before provenance stripping. Returns only rows
    whose task_id never appears in the goldens."""
    kept, dropped = [], []
    for row in candidate_rows:
        if row["task_id"] in golden_ids:
            dropped.append(row)
        else:
            kept.append(row)
    return kept, dropped

Run filter_holdout before the messages-only stripping shown in recipe 1 — once task_id is gone, the check has nothing to match against. Log dropped rather than silently discarding it; a large dropped count usually means the trace collection step is resampling goldens instead of production traffic.

/trace-to-training-data

referencesconversion-recipes.md